Cervical cysts and fistulas are the result of persistent embryonic remnants in the neck that should have developed into various structures, such as bones, lymph nodes, glands, etc., but did not. As they evolve, they give rise to recurrent infections and can grow and compress neighboring structures, thus requiring surgical treatment. Malignancy is rare, although possible.

There are three types: central, also called midline or thyroglossal; lateral or branchial; and auricular.

This type of procedure is usually performed under general anesthesia. An incision is made in the skin of the neck where the cyst or fistula is located. Once located, it is removed in its entirety, sometimes requiring the removal of part of the surrounding structures.

These cysts may be related to the large vessels and nerves in the neck. After surgery, especially in midline cysts, discomfort when swallowing is common during the first few days. The patient may have one or more drainage tubes in their neck for a few days.